{"id":21262,"date":"2024-12-30T11:15:54","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T03:15:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/?p=21262"},"modified":"2024-12-30T11:31:23","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T03:31:23","slug":"technologie-de-diffusion-aux-joints-de-grains-ndfeb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/fr\/technologie-de-diffusion-aux-joints-de-grains-ndfeb\/","title":{"rendered":"Technologie de diffusion des joints de grains NdFeB"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>With the widespread application of sintered NdFeB materials in modern industry and electronic technology, especially in new energy vehicles, industrial robots and mobile intelligence, NdFeB products are required to develop towards lightness, thinness, miniaturization and high energy, and the requirements for the magnetic energy product, coercivity and thermal stability of magnets are getting higher and higher. However, under the traditional preparation process, the high coercivity and high magnetic energy product of sintered NdFeB have always been a pain point of trade-off.<\/p>\n<p>The coercivity of the magnet can be improved by doping heavy rare earths such as Dy or Tb into the alloy, but the remanence will be significantly reduced due to the large amount of dysprosium and terbium entering the main phase grains. In addition, this process consumes a large amount of expensive heavy rare earth resources, resulting in a significant increase in the manufacturing cost of the magnet. The industry usually uses (BH)max (MGOe) +Hcj (kOe) to represent the comprehensive magnetic properties of the magnet. How to further improve the coercivity of the magnet while maintaining high remanence, thereby preparing a magnet with high comprehensive magnetic properties has become a hot spot in the industry&#8217;s research and development.<\/p>\n<p>Grain boundary diffusion technology is a technical means developed in recent years that can effectively improve the magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB magnets. A layer of heavy rare earth film is formed on the surface of the magnetic steel, and the heavy rare earth is allowed to enter the interior of the magnet along the grain boundary through vacuum heat treatment. At the same time, the heavy rare earth atoms replace the Nd atoms around the main phase grains to form a high coercivity shell. This unique microstructure can greatly improve the coercivity of the magnet on the basis of extremely low remanence drop value. In general, for sintered NdFeB magnets with a thickness of less than 8mm, Dy diffusion HcJ is used to increase 4kOe~7kOe; Tb diffusion HcJ is used to increase 8kOe~11kOe, and the two types of diffusion Br are reduced within 0.3kGs.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion.png\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21264 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"569\" height=\"471\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21264\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"569\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion.png 569w, https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion-150x124.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p>Compared with traditional non-diffused magnets, the main advantages of the grain boundary diffusion process are:<\/p>\n<p>1. For magnets of the same brand, the use of grain boundary diffusion can greatly reduce the use of Dy and Tb, and the cost is lower;<\/p>\n<p>2. The grain boundary diffusion method can be used to prepare high-comprehensive magnetic performance magnets such as 50EH and 52UH that traditional processes cannot achieve.<\/p>\n<p>We know that everything has many sides, and the grain boundary diffusion process is no exception. There are also some shortcomings. For example, due to the existence of concentration gradients, the diffusion depth is limited, and the thickness of the diffused magnetic steel produced on a large scale is usually within 10mm, which limits the application scope of the process.<\/p>\n<p>The main process forms of grain boundary diffusion<\/p>\n<p>After years of development, grain boundary diffusion has developed various processes such as sputtering, evaporation, coating, and electrodeposition. The diffusion sources include heavy rare earth elements and alloys, hydrides, fluorides, oxides, etc.<\/p>\n<p>1. Sputtering<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion2.png\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21272 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"1079\" height=\"424\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21272\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1079\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion2.png 1079w, https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion2-150x59.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1079px) 100vw, 1079px\" \/><\/noscript><br \/>\nSchematic diagram of magnetron sputtering process<br \/>\n1-1 Magnetron sputtering<br \/>\nIt is a method of generating glow discharge through voltage, ionizing argon gas, bombarding the target with argon ions to sputter heavy rare earth particles such as dysprosium and terbium, which are deposited on the surface of the magnetic steel to form a film layer. Products applicable to magnetron sputtering include square pieces, tiles, round pieces, rings, etc., and the diffusion source is mostly pure metal targets of dysprosium or terbium.<\/p>\n<p>Magnetron sputtering has the advantages of good coating uniformity, dense film layer, and stable coercive force enhancement effect. Its disadvantages are: 1. The equipment is expensive, and the price of a single continuous equipment is between 3.5 million and 5 million; 2. The target material utilization rate is low, so the relative cost is high.<\/p>\n<p>1-2 Multi-arc sputtering<br \/>\nIt is a coating that produces local high-temperature sputtering by field-induced discharge. It has the characteristics of high coating efficiency and target material utilization rate, and good bonding force. But the disadvantages are: 1. Large coating particles and rough film surface; 2. General coating uniformity; 3. Unsatisfactory coating stability; 4. Local temperature rise.<\/p>\n<p>2. Evaporation<br \/>\nEvaporation is a method of depositing film by heating and vaporizing the coating material under vacuum. Evaporation is divided into static evaporation and rotary evaporation, which are similar to hanging plating and roller plating in electroplating process, and are suitable for large and small magnets respectively.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion3.png\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21271 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"342\" height=\"192\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21271\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"342\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion3.png 342w, https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion3-150x84.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><\/noscript><br \/>\nStatic evaporation diagram<\/p>\n<p>2-1 Static evaporation<\/p>\n<p>The advantage is that the evaporation temperature is high, and the sublimation of the evaporation source, deposition on the surface of the magnetic steel and diffusion in the magnetic body are carried out simultaneously, so the heavy rare earth diffusion effect is better. Since the quality of heavy rare earth film after evaporation is related to the evaporation temperature, vacuum degree and plating distance (the distance between the heavy rare earth target and the magnetic sheet), the magnetic steel sheet needs to be placed in a specific tooling to ensure the plating distance, resulting in a more complicated process, low production efficiency, and poor film consistency. Therefore, static evaporation is less used in the domestic magnetic material industry.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion4.png\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21270 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"958\" height=\"288\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"958\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion4.png 958w, https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion4-150x45.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 958px) 100vw, 958px\" \/><\/noscript><br \/>\nRotary evaporation process diagram<\/p>\n<p>Image source: Gao Jingyuan, Research on the Rotary Diffusion Process of Nd-Fe-B Permanent Magnet Materials, 2020, Beijing University of Technology [D]\n<p>2-2 Rotary evaporation<br \/>\nIt is a method of continuously mixing small and micro magnetic steels with heavy rare earth targets through rotation, and depositing the metal Dy\/Tb volatilized after high temperature onto the surface of the product. This process is suitable for small products, especially electroacoustic products with a unit weight of less than 1g; the diffusion material cost is low, the weight gain is small, and the HcJ is significantly improved; the HcJ consistency is high. The disadvantage is that the separation process of the product and the dysprosium and terbium metals is relatively labor-intensive; and this process is rarely used in the industry, and the equipment usually needs to be customized, which has certain technical barriers.<\/p>\n<p>3. Coating<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion5.png\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21269 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"536\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21269\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion5.png 472w, https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion5-132x150.png 132w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p>Automatic spraying process diagram<\/p>\n<p>3-1 Automatic spraying<\/p>\n<p>Put the magnetic sheets in a single layer and place them on the workpiece tray. Use a pneumatic spray gun to spray them reciprocatingly to form a film. When the diffusion source is fluoride or oxide, it can be sprayed in the atmosphere. If it is hydride or heavy rare earth alloy powder, inert gas protection is required.<\/p>\n<p>Advantages: 1. There are many applicable diffusion sources, including hydride, fluoride, oxide and alloy; 2. It can diffuse products of various shapes and sizes, including tile, square, round and ring; 3. The equipment has a high degree of automation, and the workpiece tray can be used universally, and the order switching is flexible and convenient; 4. The equipment investment is low and the utilization rate of heavy rare earth is high.<br \/>\nMain disadvantages: There is a patent risk when the diffusion source is fluoride, there are safety hazards when it is hydride and alloy, and the performance consistency of oxide is poor.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion6.png\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21268 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"355\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21268\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion6.png 720w, https:\/\/www.cndailymag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/difussion6-150x74.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/noscript><br \/>\nScreen printing process diagram<\/p>\n<p>3-2 Screen printing<br \/>\nIt is to prepare heavy rare earth powder into ink. When printing, pour the ink at one end of the screen printing plate, use a scraper to apply a certain pressure to the ink part on the screen printing plate, and move at a constant speed toward the other end of the screen printing plate. The ink is squeezed from the mesh by the scraper to the magnetic sheet to form a film during movement.<\/p>\n<p>Due to the encapsulation of the organic reagent in the ink, the hydride or heavy rare earth alloy is blocked from contacting the air and oxidation is avoided. Therefore, heavy rare earth hydride can be used as a diffusion source for coating in the atmospheric environment, effectively avoiding the patent risk of fluoride. At the same time, the screen printing process has the characteristics of high production efficiency, high utilization rate of heavy rare earth, and good consistency of weight gain, which is very suitable for grain boundary diffusion of square magnetic steel. In the past two years, the screen printing process has been rapidly promoted in the industry and has become one of the mainstream processes.<br \/>\nThe disadvantages are: 1. The screen and scraper are not suitable for tile-shaped products with uneven surfaces; 2. Products of different sizes and weight gain ratios usually require corresponding inks, screen printing plates and fixtures, which are suitable for large-scale stable orders. For small batch orders, frequent replacement of screens and fixtures will result in reduced efficiency and increased costs, and low flexibility.<\/p>\n<p>4. Electrophoretic deposition<br \/>\nThe electrophoretic deposition mixes the heavy rare earth diffusion source with alcohol into a suspension, and the heavy rare earth diffusion source particles are deposited on the surface of the magnetic steel sheet through the action of the DC electric field to form a heavy rare earth film. The advantages are high production efficiency, simple process, and low production cost. The disadvantages are low coating bonding and uniformity, poor performance consistency during mass production, etc. Therefore, this process is less used.<br \/>\nWith the gradual increase in market pressure, cost competition has long changed from comparing diffusion and non-diffusion processes to comparing different diffusion processes, and even under the same diffusion method, the comparison of heavy rare earth utilization and manufacturing costs. Different diffusion processes have their own characteristics. In actual production, it is necessary to select a suitable diffusion process according to product characteristics, performance requirements and production costs. I believe that more new diffusion processes will be developed and used in the future. At the same time, the development of easy-diffusion substrates, the ultimate utilization of heavy rare earth diffusion sources, the breakthrough of diffusion depth, and the development of non-rare earth diffusion sources will also attract the attention and efforts of scientific research and production personnel.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Avec l&#039;application g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e des mat\u00e9riaux NdFeB fritt\u00e9s dans l&#039;industrie moderne et la technologie \u00e9lectronique, en particulier dans les v\u00e9hicules \u00e0 \u00e9nergie nouvelle, les robots industriels et l&#039;intelligence mobile, les produits NdFeB doivent \u00e9voluer vers la l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9, la finesse, la miniaturisation et la haute \u00e9nergie, et les exigences en mati\u00e8re de produit \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique magn\u00e9tique, de coercivit\u00e9 et de stabilit\u00e9 thermique des aimants deviennent de plus en plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es et\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":21263,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21262","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technical"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - 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